Introduction to JavaScript

24 Aug   Admin

JavaScript is a client side programming language used to add programming logic to web pages.

Brendan Eich (born July 4, 1961) is an American technologist and creator of the JavaScript programming language. He co-founded the Mozilla project,[2] the Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation, and served as the Mozilla Corporation’s chief technical officer and briefly, as its chief executive officer.[3] He is the CEO of Brave Software.[4] For more(Wikipedia.org)

Applications of JavaScript :-

  • Client side valiadtion
  • Helps in manipulating HTML pages
  • User Notification (Pop-ups in website)
  • Back-end Data Loading (Ajax library)
  • Presentations (RevealJs and BespokeJs)
  • Server Applications (NodeJs)

There are many useful Javascript libraries available:-

  • Angular
  • React
  • jQuery
  • Vue.js
  • Ext.js
  • Ember.js
  • Meteor
  • Mithril
  • Node.js
  • Polymer
  • Aurelia
  • Backbone.js etc.

Basic JavaScript Example :-

<html>

         <body>

                <script>

                </script>

         </body>

</html>

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Operators

C operators are symbols that are used to perform mathematical or logical manipulations. The C programming language is rich with built-in operators. Operators take part in a program for manipulating data and variables and form a part of the mathematical or logical expressions.

Types of operators:-

C programming language offers various types of operators having different functioning capabilities.

  1. Arithmetic Operators
  2. Relational Operators
  3. Logical Operators
  4. Assignment Operators
  5. Increment and Decrement Operators
  6. Conditional Operator
  7. Bitwise Operators
  8. Special Operators

Arithmetic Operators:-

C supports all the basic arithmetic operators. The following table shows all the basic arithmetic operators.

OperatorDescription
+adds two operands
subtract second operands from first
*multiply two operand
/divide numerator by denominator
%remainder of division
++Increment operator – increases integer value by one
Decrement operator – decreases integer value by one

Relational operators:-

The following table shows all relation operators supported by C.

OperatorDescription
==Check if two operand are equal
!=Check if two operand are not equal.
>Check if operand on the left is greater than operand on the right
<Check operand on the left is smaller than right operand
>=check left operand is greater than or equal to right operand
<=Check if operand on left is smaller than or equal to right operand

Logical operators:-

C language supports following 3 logical operators. Suppose a = 1 and b = 0,

OperatorDescriptionExample
&&Logical AND(a && b) is false
||Logical OR(a || b) is true
!Logical NOT(!a) is false

Bitwise operators:-

Bitwise operators perform manipulations of data at bit level. These operators also perform shifting of bits from right to left. Bitwise operators are not applied to float or double(These are datatypes, we will learn about them in the next tutorial).

OperatorDescription
&Bitwise AND
|Bitwise OR
^Bitwise exclusive OR
<<left shift
>>right shift

Assignment Operators:-

Assignment operators supported by C language are as follows.

OperatorDescriptionExample
=assigns values from right side operands to left side operanda=b
+=adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to lefta+=b is same as a=a+b
-=subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operanda-=b is same as a=a-b
*=mutiply left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operanda*=b is same as a=a*b
/=divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operanda/=b is same as a=a/b
%=calculate modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operanda%=b is same as a=a%b

Conditional operator:-

The Conditional Operator in C, also called a Ternary operator, is one of the Operators, which used in the decision-making process. The C Programming Conditional Operator returns the statement depends upon the given expression result.

Example:-

Test_expression ? statement1: statement2

Special operator:-

OperatorDescriptionExample
sizeofReturns the size of an variablesizeof(x) return size of the variable x
&Returns the address of an variable&x ; return address of the variable x
*Pointer to a variable*x ; will be pointer to a variable x
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Operators

 22 Aug Admin

C operators are symbols that are used to perform mathematical or logical manipulations. The C programming language is rich with built-in operators. Operators take part in a program for manipulating data and variables and form a part of the mathematical or logical expressions.

Types of operators:-

C programming language offers various types of operators having different functioning capabilities.

  1. Arithmetic Operators
  2. Relational Operators
  3. Logical Operators
  4. Assignment Operators
  5. Increment and Decrement Operators
  6. Conditional Operator
  7. Bitwise Operators
  8. Special Operators

Arithmetic Operators:-

C supports all the basic arithmetic operators. The following table shows all the basic arithmetic operators.

OperatorDescription
+adds two operands
subtract second operands from first
*multiply two operand
/divide numerator by denominator
%remainder of division
++Increment operator – increases integer value by one
Decrement operator – decreases integer value by one

Relational operators:-

The following table shows all relation operators supported by C.

OperatorDescription
==Check if two operand are equal
!=Check if two operand are not equal.
>Check if operand on the left is greater than operand on the right
<Check operand on the left is smaller than right operand
>=check left operand is greater than or equal to right operand
<=Check if operand on left is smaller than or equal to right operand

Logical operators:-

C language supports following 3 logical operators. Suppose a = 1 and b = 0,

OperatorDescriptionExample
&&Logical AND(a && b) is false
||Logical OR(a || b) is true
!Logical NOT(!a) is false

Bitwise operators:-

Bitwise operators perform manipulations of data at bit level. These operators also perform shifting of bits from right to left. Bitwise operators are not applied to float or double(These are datatypes, we will learn about them in the next tutorial).

OperatorDescription
&Bitwise AND
|Bitwise OR
^Bitwise exclusive OR
<<left shift
>>right shift

Assignment Operators:-

Assignment operators supported by C language are as follows.

OperatorDescriptionExample
=assigns values from right side operands to left side operanda=b
+=adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to lefta+=b is same as a=a+b
-=subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operanda-=b is same as a=a-b
*=mutiply left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operanda*=b is same as a=a*b
/=divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operanda/=b is same as a=a/b
%=calculate modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operanda%=b is same as a=a%b

Conditional operator:-

The Conditional Operator in C, also called a Ternary operator, is one of the Operators, which used in the decision-making process. The C Programming Conditional Operator returns the statement depends upon the given expression result.

Example:-

Test_expression ? statement1: statement2

Special operator:-

OperatorDescriptionExample
sizeofReturns the size of an variablesizeof(x) return size of the variable x
&Returns the address of an variable&x ; return address of the variable x
*Pointer to a variable*x ; will be pointer to a variable x
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Data Types

 22 Aug  Admin

Each variable in C has an associated data type. Each data type requires different amounts of memory and has some specific operations which can be performed over it.Each variable in C has an associated data type. Each data type requires different amounts of memory and has some specific operations which can be performed over it.

Every C compiler supports five primary data types:

voidAs the name suggests, it holds no value and is generally used for specifying the type of function or what it returns. If the function has a void type, it means that the function will not return any value.
intUsed to denote an integer type.
charUsed to denote a character type.
float, doubleUsed to denote a floating point type.
int *, float *, char *Used to denote a pointer type.

Derived Data Types

C supports three derived data types:

Data TypesDescription
ArraysArrays are sequences of data items having homogeneous values. They have adjacent memory locations to store values.
ReferencesFunction pointers allow referencing functions with a particular signature.
PointersThese are powerful C features which are used to access the memory and deal with their addresses.

User defined data type

C allows the feature called type definition which allows programmers to define their identifier that would represent an existing data type. There are three such types:

Data TypesDescription
StructureIt is a package of variables of different types under a single name. This is done to handle data efficiently. “struct” keyword is used to define a structure.
UnionThese allow storing various data types in the same memory location. Programmers can define a union with different members, but only a single member can contain a value at a given time. It is used for
EnumEnumeration is a special data type that consists of integral constants, and each of them is assigned with a specific name. “enum” keyword is used to define the enumerated data type.
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HTML images

 HTML Images
 

  HTML images are defined within the <img> tag.
 The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width and height are  provided as attributes
 
<img src=”image.jpg” alt=”LearnersTV.in” width=”104″ height=”142″>
 

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HTML Lists

HTML Lists
HTML lists are defined with the <ul> (unordered/bullet list) or the <ol> (ordered/numbered list) tag, followed by <li> tags (list items)


<ul>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ul>

<ol>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>

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Html Headings

Headings help in defining the hierarchy and the structure of the web page content.

HTML offers six levels of heading tags, 

 through ,the higher the heading level number, the greater its importance — therefore 

 tag defines the most important heading, whereas the 

 tag defines the least important heading in the document.

Importance of Headings

  • HTML headings provide valuable information by highlighting important topics and the structure of the document, so optimize them carefully to improve user engagement.
  • Don’t use headings to make your text look BIG or bold. Use them only for highlighting the heading of your document and to show the document structure.
  • Since search engines, such as Google, use headings to index the structure and content of the web pages so use them very wisely in your webpage.

These tags are mainly written inside the body tag. HTML provides us with six heading tags from

<h1> to </h6>

Every tag displays the headings in a different style and font size

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Html Attributes

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element’s opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value

Name:-The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.

Value:-The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.

The Id Attribute

The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −

If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that element and its content.

If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute −

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.

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Html Element

HTML Element:-

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash.An HTML element usually consists of a start tag and an end tag.There are some HTML elements which don’t need to be closed, such as <img…/><hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements.

Nested HTML Elements:-

HTML elements can be nested (elements can contain elements).

All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

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